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我国的风险投资市场经过不断的摸索和实践已经日趋成熟,随着技术的革新和科技的不断进步,风险投资市场也在不断壮大,同时也有越来越多的资本进入到风险投资市场当中。新的技术为市场带来活力,同时也带来了更多的可能性,对于具备发展潜力的高科技企业来说,风险投资者不仅要综合分析其未来的发展空间,同时还要具体分析自身可能面临的投资风险。在高新技术和科技发展条件下崛起的新兴产业,本身具有鲜明的时代属性,从过去的市场环境中难以找到匹配的参照对象,预估投资者可能面临的风险程度。不仅如此,由于市场当中时刻充满变量,且投资者的决策水平也参差不齐,这些都会导致投资者面临更多的不确定性。因此,投资者必须对可能存在的投资风险进行科学的管理规划,确保投资的综合效益得到保障。
一、风险投资管理的阶段性特征
1.资本种子期的风险阶段性特征
在风险投资过程中,种子期是投资风险投资的第一个步骤,也是风险最大的阶段。因为在这一阶段,投资者对于即将进行投资的企业或领域几乎一无所知,因此,投资者面临的风险是较大的。首先是投资者面临的技术不对等问题;其次,投资者还面临信息不对等问题。具体来说就是投资者即将进行投资的企业,由于掌握较新的技术,其管理架构和模式也一定非常独特,这种独特的管理模式只有企业管理者才最清楚。作为企业的风险投资者,很难在这段时间内完全了解企业的管理机制,更难对企业的未来做出正确的评判。最后,风险投资者还面临可能付出较大的信息成本,因为对于风险投资者来说,具备新技术或者有较好发展潜力的企业才是最佳投资目标。但是要找到合适的投资企业,这中间所耗费的时间和信息筛选过程,都是投资者要付出的信息成本,如果找到合适的投资企业,投资者可能获益。但是,如果投资者由于前期误判,会使投资失败,给投资者带来经济损失,这些都会使投资者付出较大的信息成本。
2.资本导入期的风险阶段性特征
在资本的导入期,投资者主要是对被投资者进行实际考察,考察内容包括企业在商业行为当中的计划或报告的可行性,以及新型产品在市场上的竞争力等。通过考察,投资者可以对被投资企业的综合情况得出结论,确定其在市场上未来的发展潜力,这样,投资者才会确定对其注入投资资本。在此阶段投资者主要会面临两种风险,其中技术风险是投资者的投资诱因,同时也是其面临的投资风险之一。因为企业创业者具有的新技术会使其在行业和市场当中具备新的竞争力,同时也可以赢得新的客户。但是,如果其产品没有进行准确的市场定位,在投放市场后其销量远低于预期水平,那么投资者就会因此面临技术风险。而市场风险是由于市场的不确定因素给企业带来亏损的可能性,即产品研发生产出来后,能不能推向市场,消费者能否接受等。产品销售不畅的原因有:(1)产品的功能与价格之比过高,顾客难以接受;(2)目标市场定位不准;(3)广告宣传不当或不力;(4)产品有严重的副作用或缺陷。
3.资本管理期的风险阶段性特征
投资者在与合作企业确定了合作意向之后,就要全程参与到被投资企业的管理和决策当中。在对被投资企业进行管理的过程中,投资者也会由于管理手段和主导的决策等面临诸多风险。决策风险就是投资者在为企业选择项目,或者是作出一些重大决策时,由于其所得信息的真实性无从判断,或者是决策失误所导致的企业损失。而管理风险是指投资者在对企业进行的投资活动中,由于管理者自身的管理水平限制,或者是受到相关的政策和市场规范限制而出现的风险,管理风险会使被投资企业出现人才流动或者是收益下滑等影响。财务风险是指企业为进一步发展市场业务,采取借贷等途径进行融资,但是由于企业经营或市场波动等情况,使企业无法按时还清贷款,这时企业就会面临财务风险,这样的财务风险使企业的资金压力增大,严重影响企业的进一步发展,投资者的正常收益也会受到影响。
4.资本退出期的风险阶段特征
一般情况下,一项风险投资大约需要四到五年时间,一些特殊的风险投资项目可能需要的时间更长,风险投资者进行投资的目的不是想长期持有企业股权获利,而是追求资本转让时的高额收益,风险投资者投资后,投资公司能够上市是风险投资者的愿望,但是在当今市场经济条件下,企业间竞争不断加剧,高新技术企业的新产品研发、生产等受各方面因素的影响,导致一些企业无法正常生产经营而倒闭,因此,风险资本家应该考虑风险资本的退出方式,即如何防范投资风险。
二、风险投资的管理策略
1.认真分析项目计划书的可行性
对于企业的风险投资者来说,企业的可行性计划书是最值得研究与讨论的,因为在企业的可行性计划书当中,投资者能够看到企业创办人或者是管理层对于企业现状的认识,同时还能看到企业对于未来的发展路径规划及希望达成的愿景等等。这些对于风险投资者来说具有非常重要的研究价值,是确定投资者是否投入资本的重要依据。此外,投资者还必须对企业所具备的核心技术进行可行性研究。因为很多技术虽然看起来比较超前,但是其可行性还尚待论证,如果投资者贸然投入资本,势必会陷入企业自身不确定市场前景的被动处境。因此,在投资之初,投资者必须对企业项目计划书的可行性作系统的研究和论证,以减少由于信息不对等而造成的经济损失。
2.考虑创业者的综合素质
事实上,风险投资者与企业创业者之间是一种合作关系,创业者通过投资者获得企业的发展资金,而投资者通过选择合适的创业者参与企业管理决策,最终赢得经济收益,这是一种双赢的合作模式。为确保风险投资者能够在投资过程中掌握更多的信息,使其投资举动更加稳妥,投资者有必要对企业的创业者所具备的素质进行详细的研究和考察。因为企业的管理和决策权大部分都掌握在创业者的手里,而创业者的创业初衷和市场定位又决定了企业在未来的全面规划和发展方向,创业者必须拥有超强的管理能力和机遇意识,才能使企业在市场上有较大的竞争力和发展前景,因此,在进行投资合作之前,风险投资者必须了解创业者的综合素质,以降低投资风险。
3.风险投资可以走合作研究之路
市场上的情况瞬息万变,而市场需求也在不断转换,因此,风险投资必须提高自身科技的更新速度,确保其产品适应市场需求。但是,在产品研发过程中,投资者必须为企业投入大量的资金,受到企业人员及前期技术基础的局限,其在新技术研发领域可能会遇到诸多困难,这些困难会给投资者带来风险。如果企业之间能够进行合作研究,发挥各企业在自身领域的长处,就能够有效降低科研成本,使企业少走弯路,不仅节约经济成本,而且也节约了时间成本,使企业能够在市场上抢占先机,赢得更多的市场份额,而企业的风险投资者也能够因此降低其投资风险,确保稳定的资金收益。
三、结束语
综上所述,风险投资一般要经历四个阶段,在不同的阶段,呈现不同的特征。风险投资者进行风险投资,要对高新技术企业发展有一定的洞察力,应运用科学的风险投资管理策略,注意防范投资风险,要选择和具有发展潜力的企业进行合作,因为这些企业具备高新技术,或者具有新的市场发展理念,风险投资者的资本支持能够帮助这些企业在市场上顺利崛起,不仅能够给创业者和投资者带来收益,同时还能够繁荣市场,推动企业的技术革新和进步。
参考文献:
风险理论把风险分为纯粹风险和投机风险。纯粹风险是指只有损失机会而无获利机会的风险,如火灾、地震等。其后果只有两种可能,即有损失或无损失。投机风险是指既有损失机会又有获利机会的风险,其后果有三种可能:盈利、损失、不盈不亏,如股票投资、经营活动中存在的风险。投机风险因有利可图而具有程度不同的吸引力,使人们为求得利益而甘冒风险。
1 技术创新风险属于投机风险。创新主体希望通过成功的技术创新获取期望的利益。但是技术创新系统在外部因素和内部因素的作用下,创新活动最终有三种可能的结果:一是创新成功,实现了预期的目标;二是创新失败,未能实现预期目标,甚至无法回收前期投入的资金;三是技术创新没有达到理想的效果,仅使投入与收益基本持平。所以在风险类型上,技术创新风险属于投机风险。
2 技术创新风险是一种动态风险,有其复杂性。即由技术创新系统的外部因素或内部因素的变动,如经济、社会、技术、政策、市场等因素的变动,研究开发、市场调研、市场营销等方面的管理不到位,均可能导致风险的发生。而所谓的静态风险是指由于自然力的非常变动或人类行为的错误导致损失发生的风险,如地震、火灾等。
3 技术创新风险在某种程度上是可以防范和控制的。技术创新活动是一种有目的、有组织的技术经济活动。通过对技术创新系统的组织管理,尤其是树立风险意识,完善风险管理,则能够在一定程度上防范和控制风险损失的发生和发展,使受控的技术创新活动向预期目标发展。
4 技术创新风险导致的失败结果在某些条件下是可以改变的。例如,电视机、电子表在美国公司经历失败之后,却在日本企业手中经过完善和市场开拓,最终获得了成功。事实上,影响技术创新的风险因素有一些是可以控制的。在改变某些可控因素之后,能够改变原来失败的结果。
5 技术创新风险是可管理风险。虽然技术创新风险不可能完全灭除,但总的来说,技术创新管理比较完善的创新主体,能够有效地防范和控制某些风险因素,其技术创新成功的可能性相对就会高一些。因此,要取得技术创新的成功,必须在完善技术创新管理的同时,还要加强技术创新的风险管理。美国著名管理学家彼德·杜拉克说过:许许多多成功的创新者和企业家,他们之中没有一个有‘冒险癖’。……,他们之所以成功,恰恰是因为他们能确定有什么风险并把风险限制在一定范围内,恰恰是因为他们能系统地分析创新机会的来源,然后准确地找出机会在哪里并加以利用,他们不是专注风险,而是专注机会。”
2 技术创新风险是一个理性过程中的风险
在技术创新这一具有创造性的过程中,必然会受到许多可变因素以及事先难以估测的不确定性因素的作用和影响。这些因素的影响使技术创新的结果具有不确定性。但技术创新过程是创新主体理性行为主导的过程,并不是人们所想象或认为的那样是一个不确定性很强的随机过程。因为,在技术创新过程中所有的工作都是有目的、有组织地进行的,其中每个阶段都包含有分析、评价、决策和实施等符合逻辑的理性行为。创新设想调研开发中试生产市场销售技术创新过程的技术创新风险分析矩阵〔3〕表明,在技术创新整个过程中的各个阶段,均可能存在技术风险、资金风险、市场风险、管理风险、决策风险、政策风险,或者说不同特征的风险,如技术、市场、管理、决策等风险,在创新过程的不同阶段具有不同的分布,其发生变化的规律存在显著的差别。技术创新风险分析矩阵技术风险市场风险财务风险生产风险管理风险政策风险创新设想调研评估研究开发中间试验批量生产市场销售创新主体需对这些可能存在的风险因素进行事前、事中分析。一方面可以采取风险管理措施,使风险处于受监测状态,防范风险,降低风险可能造成的损失。另一方面,可以通过完善的技术创新管理,如进行市场调查研究,对创新设想进行评估,切实按照目标顾客的需求和企业发展战略的要求开发新产品,制定和实施有效的市场营销策略,使技术创新活动实现其目标。事实上,技术创新综合能力不同的企业,他们所面临的创新风险有着明显的区别。创新综合能力强的企业,相对而言创新的成功率要高得多。一些技术创新调查项目的研究结果证明了这一点〔1,2〕。有的研究认为〔4〕:新产品失败率25年来保持稳定的原因,是对新产品管理能力的长期改进,要保持这种稳定,可能意味着需要付出巨大的努力。因此,随着市场竞争日趋激烈,对技术创新风险进行理性的分析,始终致力于完善技术创新管理和风险管理,是防范和控制创新风险的基本措施。
3 技术创新过程中的不确定性因素逐步递减
美国布兹·阿伦和哈米尔顿咨询公司根据51家公司的经验,归纳出新产品设想衰退曲线〔5〕。从新产品的设想到产业化成功,平均每40项新产品设想约有14项能通过筛选进入经营效益分析;符合有利可图的条件,得以进入实体开发设计的只有12项;经试制试验成功的只有2项;最后能通过试销和上市而进入市场的只有1项。事实上,在衰减过程中许多不确定性因素被逐步排除,或者说可能导致风险发生的不确定性因素随着过程的进展而逐步减少。衰减比率会因产品不同、技术的复杂程度不同而存在差别。而越保守的公司,其衰减率越高。但衰减曲线的形状具有典型性。
这一衰减过程本质上是一个学习过程,获取经验的过程。在创新设想阶段,重点是要明确技术方面的不确定因素;在调研评估阶段,重点研究顾客是否存在这种需求,企业有无能力利用这一环境机会;在取得进展后,要尽量明确在可靠程度方面存在的不确定因素。但即使到研究开发的后期,甚至产品投放市场后,不确定因素还会存在,还是会遇到一些预想不到的新的风险。
一些资料表明,有些创新活动,对创新项目估计不足,有时甚至不存在技术可行性或市场接受能力;对研究开发费用、设备调整费用和批量生产费
用估计不足,特别是常常低估后者,致使投资超过预算,甚至超过企业的承受能力,而承受过大的风险。因此,在考虑创新项目的评价时,不仅要进行事前研究,而且还要进行事中研究,对各个阶段都要进行评价,即由一次性评估转变为多阶段的评估,有一次性决策转变为多阶段决策。
4 技术创新的风险随创新过程的推进而具有积累性
国外的研究表明,应用研究阶段的成功率一般低于25%,开发研究阶段成功的可能性为25—50%,产业化或商品化阶段的成功率一般为50—70%,三个阶段的投资大体为1∶10∶100。上海对7个高新技术产业的调查,其投资的比例为1∶103∶1055。1980年美国全国工业会议的调查结果,新产品开发各阶段的费用和时间的占用比例如表1所示〔5〕。显然产品样品开发和商品化阶段是资金投入最大的两个阶段。表2 新产品开发的时间和费用分布概念开发样品开发试销商品化合计时间(%)14402323100费用(%)10301644100(注:根据〔5〕整理。)
为准确描述风险的大小,我们设I为创新项目的投资费用,P为该创新项目失败的概率,V为风险变量,它们之间的关系可用下式表示:V=I×P(1)技术创新项目从概念开发到市场实现要经历的阶段设为n个,则各阶段的风险Vi与该阶段的累积投资额I0i和失败概率Pi之间的关系为:Vi=I0i×Pii=1,2,…,n.(2)其中I0i=∑Ii,Ii为各阶段的投资额。显然,由于投资具有积累性,在技术创新过程中,尽管概念开发、方案分析阶段的淘汰率最高,但是由于该阶段投资费用和投资累积量较低,由(2)表示的风险Vi还是比较小的;而在样品开发和商品化阶段的投资比较高,累积投资量逐步扩大,其失败率虽然不像概念开发、方案分析阶段那么高,但由(2)式计算的风险V是很大的。
关键词 操作风险管理 时间特征 持续时间 风险损失 市场风险 内部损失
I. Current Situation of Operation Risk in Commercial Bank in China
The essence of the risk management is to constrain the risk within a bearable limit,on which the maximized volume is based. It’s just like weaving the fishing net. If the hole of the net is too large,the wanted fish may escape;otherwise,the wanted and unwanted may be mixed together,thus,the fishing net may be overloaded to break. Therefore,a proper size of the hole is the key to successfully catch the wanted fish. Defects in the risk management can be compared to the holes with improper size,unable to accomplish the expected purposes. Seen from the current situation domestically,defects in the risk management can be commonly found in all the commercial banks,mainly representing as wrong concepts,imperfect framework and single method of operation risk management. These defects are the reasons why huge frauds frequently happened,high officers fell from a house and financial crimes still occurred. As an ancient saying goes,“A small leak will sink a great ship.” Defects in the operation risk management,to some degree,have become a “small leak” that cannot be ignored but needed to be repaired in the “great ship” of risk management in the domestic banking industry.
(I)Wrong Concept of Operation Risk Management
The so-called “concept of risk management” means the concept to guide the risk management. Therefore,the recognition of the risk determines the concept of the risk management. One-sided and wrong recognitions can only form the wrong concept of the risk management in the domestic banking industry,mainly representing in the following four aspects:
1.Focus more on management afterward than precautions forward
Under the guidance of this wrong concept,the banks emphasize more on the punishment of management afterward on the happened or existed risks and try to stop the occurrence of risks through strict punishment,but do not pay enough attention to the precautions forward and control inward,which are none or only existing in the name. This,at most,can “prevent the gentleman but not the mean person”. It’s just like a room filled with money,with its door unlocked,and the only precaution is to paste a notice of “to enter without permission will be subject to fines.”
2.Focus more on case investigation than overall analysis
The case analysis indicates that many operation risk accidents have something in common or closely related,however,precautions can be done as long as these common points are recognized. To recognize them,it needs the risk management department to conduct overall and systematic analysis on the operation risk and find the laws in them.
3.Focus more on the management of the operators at the base level than that of the senior managers
The auditing departments inside the banks of the domestic banking industry emphasize more on the operators at the base level;however,there is only audit on departure for senior managers instead of daily supervisions.
4.Focus more on auditing and inspection than overall management
Many domestic banks often see the operation risks as the operational risks,which is the source of the concept of “More on auditing and inspection than overall management”. Under the guidance of this concept,the banks often endow the operation risk management function to the domestic auditing departments instead of the risk management departments,thus,operation risks of several kinds,such as those caused by the system,are not managed.
(II)Imperfect Framework of Operation Risk Management
A perfect framework of operation risk management is the premise of an overall risk management. Defects in the risk management framework may cause errors in the internal control. It’s just like the fishing net with big holes,and it’s unavoidable that the risks happen. Seen from the current situations,these defects represent in three aspects:
1.No specialized management departments are established,thus the responsibilities of operation risk management are separated.
2.The operation risk management function of the branches at the base level lacks.
3.The internal auditing departments have weak authorities.
(III)Single Method of Operation Risk Management
With the continuous development of electronics bodies and financial engineering,the methods of the operation risk management are becoming perfect,from the qualitative management to the quantitative one,and from the manual management to the electronic one. In comparison,the domestic banking industry has an obvious difference:
1.Depend too much on the internal audit,but ignore the outer one.
2.The construction of the system cannot keep up and the execution is not powerful enough.
3.It lacks the electronic methods.
A trader was able to make the world-famous Barings Bank go bankrupt;an ultra vires transaction was able to cause a personnel earthquake in the National Australia Bank. There is no doubt that,the operation risks are more powerful to affect the commercial banks,and becoming a huge threat which they have to face. It can be asserted that,the bankruptcy of the commercial banks in the future may be caused neither by the credit risk nor by the market risk,but by the operation risk. It is time for the domestic banking industry to take the existing defects in the operation risk management into consideration.
(IV)Related Concept of Operation Risk Management
According to the definition in the New Basel Capital Accord published by the Basel Banking Regulatory Commission,the operation risk refers to risks which are caused by imperfect or defective inside procedure,personnel and system or external events.
The operation risk usually appears on two levels,on the technical level,the information system or risk measurement is incomplete,imperfect and low in efficiency,which can be concluded into “technical risk”. And on the organizational level,problems occur in the risk reporting and monitoring and in the related system and policy,which can be concluded into “organizational risk”.
1.Technical Risk
Technical risks include several detailed types:error in the recording procedure of business;incompleteness of the information system;and inefficient risk evaluation method.
2.Organization of Risk Monitoring
Risk monitoring is a systematic project,which involves all the risk information system,reporting system and the corresponding actions. Due to its complexity,even if both the risk information system and the risk measurement tools are advanced,the organization of the risk monitoring still needs to be paid special attention. Here are the basic principles needing to master to help the banks build a set of complete risk monitoring system:
(1)The management system shall not over-restrain the activities bearing risks. Excessive caution may delay the decision-making procedure and limit the business development.
(2)The business operation department where risks are generated shall be clearly separated with the departments for risk supervision and controlling(credit or risk management department).
(3)Departments shall be encouraged to disclose the existing risks instead of hiding them.
II. Concepts of Time Characteristics in Operation Risk Events
In general,an operation risk event involves three time concepts,including the occurrence time,the discovery time and the loss-settling time.
(I)The Occurrence Time
The occurrence time refers to the duration from the beginning to the end,consisting of the beginning time and the ending time. The occurrence time can be either long or short. Some operation risk events last for a short time,for example,the loss caused by the misoperation of ATM often happens instantaneously,so the beginning time and the ending time of the events often coincide. Others may last for a long time,such as the case where the employee had been stealing capital from the bank for several years.
(II)The Discovery Time
The discovery time refers to the time the operation risk event discloses. It may be coherent to the time the event ends,such as an instantaneous misoperation of a teller. And sometimes,it may lag far behind the ending time,such as the case where the employee had been stealing capital from the bank for several years.
(III)The Loss-Settling Time
The loss-settling time refers to the time the loss of the operation risk event is determined to enter into the account. For example,at the end of the 1980s,a wave of bank bankruptcy of huge scale happened in the history of the American banking industry. In the wave from 1980 to 1994,more than 1600 banks,who had covered in the Federal Deposit Insurance Company(FDIC,same below),went bankruptcy or accepted the assistant from the FDIC. And the amount was far more than that of any period since the establishment of the federal deposit insurance system in 1930s,thus the year 1994 is the loss-settling time.
The loss of large amount of operation risk events cannot be settled after they are discovered,partially because of the internal management. Sometimes,it may be caused by the follow-up loss,insurance settlement,lawsuits and responsibility location. Even though it is settled,as the time passes,new capital recovery or new losses may occur,hence,the data has to be revised,from which the concept of revising time comes into being. As the operation risk draws more and more attentions,many banks begins to build their own operation risk loss database,from which the concept of the time the event is recorded into the database,that is,the recording time.
III. Measures to Dealing with Operation Risks from the Perspective of Time Characteristics
Aiming at the outstanding problems and contradictions currently existing in the operation risk management in the domestic banking industry,several measures shall be taken for comprehensive management. Measures,such as executing sufficient capital,enhancing external supervision,intensifying the information disclosure and market restraint,shall be taken. Meanwhile,the commercial banks shall take positive part in building proper organizational framework and management system of the operation risk management,setting out to building and continuously optimizing the operation risk information database,carrying out advanced risk measurement method,according to the New Basel Capital Accord and such system documents as Guidance to Internal Control of Commercial Banks and Notice on Enhancing Operation Risk Prevention,in combination with the current situation of the commercial banks and operation risks,to meet the gradually complicated operation risks and the requirements of investors,operation and management of the bank itself and the external supervision.
(I)Rebuild Structure of Domestic Commercial Banks
Build and perfect the modern company management structure to form an effective system of checks and balances between the owner and the operator. Introduce advanced operation management concepts and modes,build a flattened business vertical management system and strengthen the head office’s control on the branches.
(II)Build an Independent Risk Management Structure
Formulate scientific risk management policies,form a vertically independent risk management structure,set risk management posts of different levels,define the responsibility and division of risk management,ensure the risk management policies and risk preferences and execute complete risk management.
(III)Cultivate a Healthy Risk Culture for All
Change the operation idea to realize an optimum sustainable development. Intensify the risk prevention awareness of the bank staff,enhance the training of internal control,raise the professional integrity and awareness of honesty and make efforts to raise and form a good and healthy company culture.
(IV)Intensify Inspection,Supervision and Execution
It is a most effective way for operation risk prevention to develop effective auditing and check activities. Conduct the internal audit,strengthen the audit on the person in charge at the base level and key posts and focus on the correction and implementation of the discovered problem. Intensify the initiative and consciousness of bank staff in rule obeying and regulated operation.
(V)Perfect and Complete Inspiring and Restraining System
Rationally set the examining index and gradually perfect the comprehensive review system. Build the accountability system and carry out a strict system of locating responsibility on personnel. Take full advantage of the positive and encouraging effect of policies,and guide branches of all levels,especially the base level,to focus on the risk management and prevent the moral risks.
参考文献:
References:
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[2]Joel Bessis. Risk Management of Commercial Banks Modern Theory and Method. Haitian Press.2000.4.
[3]Zhou Zhongfei. Collection of Cases on Bank Monitoring. Shanghai University of Finance & Economics Press. 2004.2.
[4]Hans-Ulrich Doerig. Manual for Operation Risk Management in Financial Service. 2004.6.
[5]Michel Crouhy,Dan Galai,Robert Mark. Risk Management. China Finance & Economics Press. 2005.1.
[6]Qu Shaoqiang. Operation Risks Management of China’s Commercial Banks. China Politics & Economics Press. 2009.5.
[7]Li Zhenxing. Enhance Operation Risks Management Perfection and Supervision System [J].China Finance. 2007.13.
[8]Cheng Bin. Operation Risk of Modern Commercial Banks and Discussion on its Management System. New Finance. 2008.1.
[9]Li Jianhua. Research on Operation Risk of China’s Commercial Banks. Shangdong Textile Economics. 2009.4.
综合考察我国信用卡法律体系,尤其是在与其他国家信用卡法律体系对比之后可以发现,我国的信用卡法律体系尚处于不完善阶段,还存在着很多缺陷。这些缺陷主要表现以下几个方面:
(一) 我国信用卡法律制度立法层级偏低
我国目前尚无专门的信用卡法。综观我国现有赖以调整信用卡交易的法律法规,既没有一个较高层次的法律作为核心,也没有形成系统的信用卡法律体系。除了《银行卡业务管理办法》外,信用卡的相关法律规制仅见诸于民法、刑法、金融法律法规中零星的条款,且在这些已经较为稀缺的信用卡法律规范中,有些仅仅是调整普遍民事法律关系的原则性规定,对信用卡业务本身的针对性不强,这导致了使用上述法规调整信用卡法律关系时,其操作性很难体现。
(二) 个人信用制度有待完善
个人信用制度是指根据居民的家庭收入与资产、己发生的借贷与偿还、信用透支、发生不良信用时所受处罚与诉讼情况等,对个人的信用等级进行评估并随时记录、存档,以便信用的供给方决定是否对其提供信用和提供多少信用的制度。在我国,个人信用体系尚未建立,这将给信用卡风险控制中持卡人风险控制环节树立极大障碍。
(三) 信用卡担保制度不完善
消费信用担保缺乏法律明文规定,同时缺乏完善的信用评估机构。由于我国没有相应的信用评估机构,对持卡人及其保证人还无法进行有效的综合分析评估。
鉴于我国信用卡风险管理法律制度供给不足的现状,结合美国信用卡风险管理立法及制度的先进经验,特提出完善我国信用卡风险管理法律制度的相关对策 :
(一) 健全和完善我国信用卡风险防范和管理的法律制度
信用卡风险管理的效果除了依赖商业银行自身的努力外,还离不开外部法律制度的供给。针对目前我国在商业银行信用卡风险管理方面存在的法律制度和征信体系不完善的现状,必须进行完善,为商业银行信用卡风险管理提供良好的外部环境。面对日益庞大的信用卡交易与层出不穷的信用卡违法违规案件,只依赖于中国人民银行于 1999 年出台的《银行卡业务管理办法》相关通知已经不能适应当今市场发展的需要。因此,应提高信用卡的立法层级,将信用卡所涉及的法律关系集中规定于一部法律文件中已迫在眉睫。
(二) 完善个人信用制度
我国的个人信用市场起步较晚,许多方面还很不成熟,国家要尽快颁布实施个人信用制度法规及其配套措施,以尽快从单位信用保证和道德约束逐步过渡到以个人信用保证为主和法律制约的信用中来,用法律的形式对个人账户体系、个人信用的记录和移交、个人信用档案的管理,个人信用级别的评定、披露和使用做出明确的规定,同时明确个人信用制度的主管部门和各部门所负的职责,合理分工,严格奖罚措施,以国家的强制方式来推行个人信用制度,以使个人信用制度在法律的框架范围内合理运行,规范发展,从而真正建立完善的社会征信体系。
(三) 完善信用卡担保制度
由于持卡人用信用卡进行消费并透支的目的为了购买超过自身即期收入限度限度的,同时要在较长的期限内还款的如高档家具等等消费品。也就是说,银行在发放消费贷款给消费者时,要求用抵押、质押、担保作为还款的保证,有利于保证贷款的安全收回,是发放高额信贷必不可少的形式。针对我国信用卡发放与消费的特殊性,在采取担保制度方面,措施主要包括:
1. 设立存入保证金制度